Eating Disorder Biomarkers: Macronutrient Regulation of Ghrelin and Leptin

Abstract

This review examines the potential of ghrelin and leptin as biomarkers in eating disorders by analysing their roles in appetite regulation, energy balance, and eating behaviour. Ghrelin stimulates hunger, whereas leptin suppresses appetite and maintains energy homeostasis. Dysregulation of these hormones, often influenced by high-fat and high-sugar diets, is linked to overeating, obesity, and eating disorders. Imbalances in ghrelin and leptin signalling are associated with conditions such as hyperphagia and binge eating. This review also explores effects of stress and hormonal resistance on these hormones. Understanding how ghrelin and leptin interact with central and peripheral systems offers insights into appetite regulation and potential therapeutic targets for metabolic and psychological disorders.